0185-646 Political Economies of Growth in East Asia
Fall 2002 Syllabus
Instructor: Jonathan Marshall
Class: Tuesdays, 6–10 p.m., LM 262
Office hours: Tuesdays, 4:30–6 p.m., LM 253
Email: jdmarshl at socrates.berkeley.edu
Phone: 510.643.1612 (daytime), 510.524.1846 (home/messages; before 10 p.m. only)
Course Description
Why did Japan, Taiwan, and Korea seem to leap into the ranks of wealthy industrialized countries? Will China, with its very different history, make a similar leap? Is there such a thing as an East Asian model of economic and political development? If there is, can other countries outside East Asia follow such a model? Political Economies of East Asia explores these questions and offer a variety of answers to them. It also introduces the theoretical framework for political economy and the relationship between economic and political change. The course first focuses on Japan, the first Asian industrializer, and then on Taiwan and Korea, two successful late industrializers. In this part of the course we will examine the relationship between economic growth and political change in these three Northeast Asian countries in the past half-century. We will also look at the limits to such change, the problems that rapid economic growth causes, and problems of slower growth and democratization. The course then moves on to China, where we will cover both the Maoist era and the Reform era and ask whether or not the "East Asian model" helps us to identify features of China’s political economy. The final section of the course looks at problems in the political economy of rapid growth both from the standpoint of countries that have not enjoyed such growth and from the standpoint of groups that did not fully share in the fruits of rapid growth. At the end of the course we will return to the idea of an "East Asian model" and what that concept may mean in terms of policy and norms. In addition to the big, thematic questions listed above, I will hand out study questions for the upcoming week’s readings at the end of each class meeting.
Learning Outcomes
This course does not presuppose any background in political economy, but does assume that students have had exposure to East and Southeast Asian history and society. Students should therefore focus on the concepts of political economy and how they are useful in gaining an understanding of the economic, social, and political changes that have taken place in East Asia (as well as in Southeast Asia) in the past half-century. By the conclusion of this course, students should be confident in
1) describing and applying the following concepts: capitalist developmental state, neo-classical development, dependency, "early" and "late" development, import-substitution industrialization, industrial policy, and export-led growth;
2) linking economic and political change in the abstract and in the countries that are the major focuses of this course;
3) analyzing the causal relationships between political regimes and economic policies;
4) critically evaluating social science theories, detecting logical flaws in them, and judging whether they are empirically supported;
5) writing short (4 page) critiques of social science analysis (a skill that can be applied in future graduate study, policy analysis, and business)
Requirements and Grading
Any seminar requires active participation, and our seminar is no exception. Active participation requires both preparation (i.e. reading) and evaluation (i.e., thinking about what you have read). Take notes while you read and think about how the readings address each other, about how the authors advance their arguments, and about how useful each author’s argument is for explaining the reality we observe. You will be required to write "critical reviews" of about 1200 words each (approximately 4 pages double-spaced on a high-quality printer with standard fonts and margins). Critical reviews examine each week’s readings and will help you think about the issues we will discuss in class. The questions you should address in a critical review, and suggestions for writing them, are listed in a separate handout. Since the critical review essay is designed to help you digest a particular week’s readings, the reviews will be due in class on the day for which the readings are assigned. I will accept no late reviews.
There will be two grading options. Option A requires two critical reviews, classroom participation, and a research paper of approximately 20-30 pages on a topic of your choice (with my approval). Option B requires four critical reviews, classroom participation, and a "policy memo" (topic again subject to my approval) of 8-12 pages. Guidelines for both the research paper and the policy memo will be handed out in class. Breakdowns are as follows.
| Option A | Option B |
| Critical reviews (2) 25% | Critical reviews (4) 50% |
| Participation 15% | Participation 15% |
| Research paper 60% | Policy memo 35% |
I encourage you to start writing early! Note that a single review is not a huge part of your grade, but that missing a review could knock you from an A to a B- grade. Also note the optional readings are part of the critical review, as explained below. I will circulate a sign up sheet at the first and second class meetings so that students can have their preferred date and readings to review and so that we can spread the reviews fairly evenly. Students who have prepared critical reviews will give a brief presentation during that day’s class.
Students should prepare a question and two-page precis for their research paper (for Option A) or a written statement of the problem to be addressed in their policy memo (for Option B) by the fourth class session; feel free to come to me with ideas and questions about these longer writing assignments, because it is important to get an early start on them.
Each class session will last 3.5 hours, and we will break the meeting time into three segments. The small roman numerals under each week’s heading indicate the themes for that week’s session. In general I expect to lecture for the first part of class, give a shorter talk later in the class, and leave the balance for either discussion led by particular students or a more free-form discussion of the readings. The readings for each week are divided into required and optional readings—optional readings are marked with an asterisk (*). If you are writing a "critical review" essay for the readings, you should read and comment on at least one of the optional readings (if the optional reading is a book, you need not read cover to cover). Students planning on writing a review should try to coordinate in order to cover as many optional readings as possible.
If you are going to miss a class, please let me know ahead of time so that we can work out an alternative assignment. There are only twelve class meetings, so missing even one will set you back. Missing more than one class is not advised. Please be on time. Please turn off your cellular telephones and other electronic distractions. Beverages in class are fine, but please confine eating to the break periods.
Required Texts
Frederic Deyo, ed., The Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987)
Thomas Gold, State and Society in the Taiwan Miracle (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1986)
Barry Naughton, Growing out of the Plan (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press, 1944)
Garry Rodan, Kevin Hewison, and Richard Robison, eds., The Political Economy of South-East Asia: Conflicts, Crisis, and Change, 2d edition (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 2001)
Vivienne Shue, The Reach of the State (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988)
Optional Text
James W. Morley, ed., Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region (revised ed.), Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1999 (Optional, but each chapter is a country study by a "name-brand" scholar that provides useful, concise background.)
Introducing Political Economy
1. Introduction: Theories of Development, Capitalist Development, and Underdevelopment
ii. theories of (capitalist) development
iii. theories of non-development
iv. economic development and political development
Tina Rosenberg, "The Free-Trade Fix," NY Times Magazine (18 August 2002) p. 28
Karl Polanyi, Great Transformation, Chs. 3-8 (pp. 33-102)
W.W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth, A Non-Communist Manifesto, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960) pp. 1-16
Alexander Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962) pp. 5-30, 353-364
Andre Gunder Frank, "The Development of Underdevelopment," [1968] in Cockroft, Frank, and Johnson, eds., Dependence and underdevelopment: Latin America's political economy (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1972) pp. 3-17
Stephan Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990) pp. 9-22.
*Seymour Lipset, "Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited" American Sociological Review 59 (February 1994) pp. 1-22
*Karl Polanyi, chs. 11-15 (pp. 130-200)
*Karl Marx, Capital (Volume 1), Tr. Ben Fowkes (New York, Vintage Books, 1977) pp. 873-907 [Chapters 26-29]
*Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966) chapters 7, 8 (pp. 413-452)
*Seymour Lipset, "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy" American Political Science Review 53 (1959) pp. 69-105
Japan, The Early Developer
2. Japan and Capitalist Development I – the Capitalist Developmental State
i. the marketization of Tokugawa Japanii. imperialism’s challenge and Japan’s response
iii. World War, Pax Americana, and the same old bureaucratic authoritarianism?
Takatoshi Ito, The Japanese Economy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992) pp. 8-29
Johannes Hirschmeier and Tsunehiko Yui, The Development of Japanese Business, 1600-1980, 2nd ed. (London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1981) pp. 70-236
Rodney Clark, The Japanese Company (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979) pp. 13-48
Chalmers Johnson, "Japan: Who Governs? An Essay on Official Bureaucracy," in Johnson, Japan: Who Governs? The Rise of the Developmental State (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1995) pp. 115-140 and notes (pp. 338-343)
*Smith, Thomas C., The Agrarian Origins of Modern Japan (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1959) pp. 67-86
*Frank Upham, Law and Social Change in Postwar Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987) Ch. 5 (pp. 166-204 and notes pp. 251-258)
*Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982) Chs.1-2 (pp. 3-82)
3. Japan and Capitalist Development II – the Capitalist, Internationalist Developmental State
i. the 1955 Systemii. industrial policy (and the debate)
iii. labor, finance and the structure of industries and firms
John Campbell, "Democracy and Bureaucracy in Japan" in Ishida and Krauss, eds., Democracy in Japan (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989) pp. 113-137
Sheldon Garon and Mike Mochizuki, "Negotiating Social Contracts," in Andrew Gordon, ed., Postwar Japan as History (Berkeley: UC Press, 1993) pp. 145-166
Meredith Woo-Cumings, "Introduction: Chalmers Johnson and the Politics of Nationalism and Development" in Woo-Cumings, ed., The Developmental State, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999) pp. 1-31
Chalmers Johnson, "The Developmental State: Odyssey of a Concept" in Woo-Cumings, ed., The Developmental State, pp. 32-60
Gregory Noble, "The Japanese Industrial Policy Debate" in Haggard and Moon, eds., Pacific Dynamics : The International Politics of Industrial Change (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989) pp. 53-95
Ryutaro Komiya and Motoshige Itoh, "Japan’s International Trade and Trade Policy" in Inoguchi and Okimoto, eds., The Political Economy of Japan, Volume 2: The Changing International Context (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988) pp. 173-224
Andrew Gordon, The Evolution of Labor Relations in Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985) pp. 413-432
*Gerald Curtis, The Japanese Way of Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988) pp. 45-59, 80-106
*Ikuo Kume, Disparaged Success: Labor Politics in Postwar Japan (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998) pp. 20-48
*Kent E. Calder, Crisis and Compensation : Public Policy and Political Stability in Japan, 1949-1986, (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988) [book]
The Later Developers
4. Authoritarian Regimes and Rapid Growth Part I: Korea
i. neoclassical development -- import substitution and export led growthii. legacies of colonialism, war, Pax Americana
iii. crony capitalism, authoritarian rule, institutions of rapid growth
Bela Balassa, The Newly Industrializing Countries in the World Economy (Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press, 1981) pp. 1-26
Malcolm Gillis et al., The Economics of Development (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983) pp. 403-416, 431-464, 470-472
Atul Kohli, "Where Do High Growth Political Economies Come From? The Japanese Lineage of Korea’s ‘Developmental State’" in Woo-Cumings, The Developmental State, pp. 93-136
Stephen Haggard and Chung-In Moon, "State, Politics, and Economic Development in Postwar Korea" in Hagen Koo, ed., State and Society in Contemporary Korea, (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993) pp. 51-93
Jang-jip Choi, "Political Cleavages in South Korea, in Hagen Koo, ed. State and Society in Contemporary Korea, pp. 13-50
Chalmers Johnson, "Political Institutions and Economic Performance: The Government-Business Relationship in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan in Deyo, Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, pp. 136-164
*Bruce Cumings, "The Origins and Development of the Northeast Asian Economy: Industrial Sectors, Product Cycles, and Political Consequences" in Deyo, Political Economy of the New Asian Industrialism, pp. 44-83
*Alice Amsden, Asia’s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (NY: Oxford University Press, 1989) [book]
5. Authoritarian Regimes and Rapid Growth Part II: Taiwan
i. colonialism and the Quasi-Leninist Stateii. institutions of rapid growth
iii. big vs. small approaches to industry and industrial upgrading
Tom Gold, State and Society in the Taiwan Miracle, entire (125 pp.)
T.J. Cheng, "Political Regimes and Developmental Strategies: South Korea and Taiwan" in Gereffi and Wyman, eds., Manufacturing Miracles: Paths of Industrialization in Latin America and East Asia (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990) pp. 139-178
Stephan Haggard and Chung H. Lee, "The Political Dimensions of Finance in Economic Development" in Haggard et al., eds., The Politics of Finance in Developing Countries (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993) pp. 3-16
*Hagen Koo, "The Interplay of State, Social Class, and World System in East Asian Development" in Deyo, pp. 165-181
*Peter Evans, "The State as Problem and Solution: Predation, Embedded Autonomy, and Structural Change" in Haggard and Kaufman, eds., The Politics of Economic Adjustment (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992) pp. 139-181
Maturation and Crisis
6. Japan: Outflow, Slowdown, and Meltdown
i. Japan’s "flexible rigidities"ii. liberalization of the developmental state
iii. the bubble, burst
Kazuo Koike, "Human Resource Development and Labor Management Relations" in Kozo Yamamura and Yasukichi Yasuba, eds., The Political Economy of Japan, Volume I: The Domestic Transformation (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987) pp. 289-330
Steven Vogel, Freer Markets, More Rules (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996) pp. 1-24, 51-61, 196-213
T.J. Pempel, "Regime Shift: Japanese Politics in a Changing World Economy" Journal of Japanese Studies 23:2 (Summer 1997) pp. 333-361
Steven Vogel, "Can Japan Disengage? Winners and Losers in Japan’s Political Economy, and the Ties That Bind Them" Social Science Japan Journal (Spring 1999) pp. 3-21
Jeffry Frieden and Ronald Rogowski, "The Impact of the International Economy on National Policies: An Analytical Overview," in Keohane and Milner, eds., Internationalization and Domestic Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press 1996) pp. 25-47
Adam Posen, Restoring Japan’s Economic Growth (Washington: Institute for International Economics, 1998) pp. 143-157
Richard Katz, Japan: The System that Soured—the Rise and Fall of the Japanese Economic Miracle (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998) pp. 3-26, 318-346
*Frances Rosenbluth, "Internationalization and Electoral Politics in Japan," in Keohane and Milner, pp 137-156
*Jennifer Amyx, "Political Impediments to Far-Reaching Banking Reforms in Japan: Implications for Asia," in Noble and Ravenhill, eds., The Asian Financial Crisis (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000) pp. 132-151
7. Democratization, Maturation, Financial Crisis
i. top-down and bottom-up democratizationii. adjusting to global capitalism and liberalization
iii. the financial crisis of 1997
Tun-jen Cheng, "Democratizing the Quasi-Leninist Regime in Taiwan," World Politics 41:4 (July 1989) pp. 471-499
T.J. Pempel, "The Developmental Regime in a Changing World Economy," in Woo-Cumings, The Developmental State, pp. 137-181
Gregory Noble and John Ravenhill, "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly? Korea, Taiwan, and the Asian Financial Crisis," in Noble and Ravenhill, eds., pp. 80-107
Hagen Koo, "The State, Minjung, and the Working Class in South Korea," in Koo, ed., State and Society in Contemporary Korea, pp. 131-162
*Scott Flanagan and A.R. Lee, "Value Change and Democratic Reform in Japan and Korea" Comparative Political Studies 33:5 (June 2000) pp. 626-659
*McDonough, Shin, and Moises, "Democratization and Participation: Comparing Spain, Brazil, and Korea" Journal Of Politics 60:4 (Nov 1998) pp. 919-953
Ongoing Problems: the Political Economy of Change
8. Political Economy of Revolution—China Under Mao
i. collectivization and centralizationii. danwei system, state-owned industry, and urban bias
iii. campaigns, retrenchment, campaigns
Vivienne Shue, The Reach of the State, Introduction and Chs. 3-4 (pp. 1-7, 73-152)
Andrew Walder, Communist Neo-Traditionalism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986) Ch. 2 (pp. 28-84)
Barry Naughton, Growing Out of the Plan, Introduction & Ch. 1 (pp. 3-55)
Elizabeth Perry, "State and Society in Contemporary China," World Politics 41:4 (July 1989), pp. 579-591
*Vivienne Shue, The Reach of the State, Chs. 1-2
*Susan Shirk, The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993) pp. 3-51, 333-350
9. A Socialist Developmental State with Chinese Characteristics
i. advantages of backwardness?ii. legacies of Maoism
iii. growing out from under the Plan and the problems of Leninist party-state
Jean C. Oi, Rural China Takes Off (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999) Chs. 1, 3, 7, and Appendix A (pp. 1-16, 58-94, 191-210)
Barry Naughton, Growing Out of the Plan, pp. 59-169
Marc Blecher and Vivienne Shue, "Into Leather: State-Led Development and the Private Sector in Xinji" China Quarterly 166 (June 2001) pp. 368-393
*Barrett McCormick, "Political Change in China and Vietnam: Coping with the Consequences of Economic Reform" China Journal 40 (July 1998) pp. 121-143
*Barry Naughton, Growing Out of the Plan, pp.273-326
10. Lessons for Later Developers? Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand
i. crony capitalism and rent-seeking revisitedii. problems of applying the developmental state model in a democratic age
iii. adjusting to global capitalism and the Crisis of 1997
Garry Rodan et al., eds., The Political Economy of South-East Asia, Chapters 1 (Theories), 2 (Philippines), 3 (Thailand), 4 (Indonesia), 6 (Malaysia), pp. 1-137, 178-205
Gregory Noble and John Ravenhill, "Causes and Consequences of the Asian Financial Crisis" in Noble and Ravenhill, eds., The Asian Financial Crisis, pp. 1-35
*David Lindauer and Michael Roemer, "Legacies and Opportunities" (Ch. 1), and/or Dwight Perkins and Michael Roemer, "Differing Endowments and Historical Legacies," in Lindauer and Roemer, eds., Asia and Africa: Legacies and Opportunities in Development (San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1994) pp. 1-24, 25-58
11. Problems of Political Economy: Gender, Inequality, Exclusion, More Democratization?
i. industrialization and mass societyii. women and the political economy of industrialization
iii. excluded groups and modes of inclusion
Frederic Deyo, "State and Labor: Modes of Political Exclusion in East Asian Development," in Deyo, ed., pp. 182-202
Ronald J. Hrebenar, "The Komeito Returns: The Party of ‘Buddhist Democracy’" in Hrebenar, Japan’s New Party System (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000) pp. 167-207
Susan Pharr, "Status Conflict: The Rebellion of the Tea-Pourers," in Krauss, Rohlen, and Steinhoff, eds., Conflict in Japan (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984) pp. 214-240
Frank Upham, Law and Social Change in Postwar Japan, Chapters 2 & 3 (Minamata and Buraku Liberation), pp. 28-123
Andrew Walder, "Markets and Income Inequality in Rural China: Political Advantage in an Expanding Economy" American Sociological Review 67:2 (April 2002) pp. 231-253
*R. Matthews and V. Nee, "Gender Inequality and Economic Growth in Rural China" Social Science Research 29:4 (Dec 2000) pp. 606-632
* S. Seguino, "Gender Wage Inequality and Export-Led Growth in South Korea" Journal of Development Studies 34:2 (Dec. 1997) pp. 102-132
*James White, The Sōka Gakkai and Mass Society (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1970) pp. 1-29
12. Conclusions: Is There an East Asian Model of Development?
i. ideas underlying East Asian political economyii. attributes of the East Asian Model
iii. causation: culture, authoritarianism , the East Asian Model, and growth?
Ronald P. Dore, Taking Japan Seriously: A Confucian Perspective on Leading Economic Issues (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987) Chs. 1 & 5 (pp. 1-19, 85-107)
Fareed Zakaria, "Culture Is Destiny - A Conversation With Lee Kuan Yew" Foreign Affairs 73:2 (Mar/Apr 1994) pp. 109-126
Paul Krugman, "The myth of Asia’s miracle" Foreign Affairs 73:6 (Nov/Dec 1994) pp. 62–78
Barbara Geddes. "How the Cases You Choose Affect the Answer You Get: Selection Bias in Comparative Politics" Political Analysis 2 (1990)
Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1999) Chs. 1-2 (pp. 13-53)
Michel Albert, Capitalism vs. Capitalism (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1993) Ch. 6 (pp. 99-126)
*re-read Polanyi chs. 3-8
*Peter Evans, "Class, State, and Dependence in East Asia: Lessons for Latin Americanists" in Deyo, ed., pp. 203-226
*Michael D. Barr, "Lee Kuan Yew: Race, Culture and Genes" Journal of Contemporary Asia 29:2 (1999), pp. 145-166
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